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Significance of Fortification

Fortification encompasses various defensive structures and measures aimed at protecting towns, cities, and kingdoms from invasions and attacks. In South Asia, this includes walls, ditches, and ramparts, emphasizing military architecture and strategic planning. Different texts define fortification in similar terms, highlighting its importance in safeguarding military assets, ensuring the security of treasuries, and enhancing a ruler's territorial control. Overall, fortification is crucial for maintaining defenses and preparing against potential threats in historical contexts.1
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Synonyms: Stronghold, Rampart, Bulwark, Protection, Safeguard, Defense, Fortress

In Dutch: Versterking; In Finnish: Linnoitus; In Spanish: 贵辞谤迟颈蹿颈肠补肠颈贸苍; In German: Befestigung

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'Fortification'

Hinduism Books

Fortification in Hinduism encompasses the strategic strengthening of territories and military defenses through various structures, such as walls and ramparts, essential for safeguarding cities and kingdoms against invasions and maintaining security.

Significance in Vastushastra (architecture):
Vastushastra Books

From: Vastu-shastra (Introduction to Indian architecture)

(1) Structures and techniques employed to strengthen a fort's defenses against attacks.[1] (2) Defensive structures built around towns and settlements to protect against invasions and attacks, highlighting military architecture.[2] (3) The planning and construction of protective structures like boundary walls, ditches, and ramparts, taking precedence after roads are laid out.[3] (4) The protective structures surrounding a town, including walls and ditches, which are integral to its layout.[4] (5) The construction of military defenses such as walls or forts, particularly important in plains where natural barriers are lacking.[5]

From: Samarangana-sutradhara (Summary)

(1) Structures built to protect the town, often including walls and other defenses.[6]

Vastushastra refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) The act of strengthening a location with defensive structures to prevent or repel attacks.[7] (2) Structures built to defend a place against attack.[8] (3) Defensive structures that one aims to erect as part of preparing for conflict.[9]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Arthashastra (politics and welfare):
Arthashastra Books

From: Kautilya Arthashastra

(1) Structures built to protect a city or territory, integral to securing the treasury and military assets.[10]

From: Shukra Niti by Shukracharya

(1) The process of strengthening defenses to protect against enemy attacks, crucial in military strategy.[11]

Arthashastra literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Shastri)

(1) Defensive structures built to protect a city or kingdom from invaders.[12]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Shilpashastra (iconography):
Shilpashastra Books

From: Manasara (English translation)

(1) Defensive measures and structures built around a city or fort to protect it from invasions.[13]

Shilpashastra represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

The concept of Fortification in local and regional sources

History Books

Fortification, in this context, refers to the defensive structures of Tun-hwang, which highlight its strategic significance by extending 80 li east-west and 40 li north-south, emphasizing the area's military importance.

Significance in South Asia:
South Asia Books

From: The travels of Fa-Hian (400 A.D.)

(1) The defensive structures in Tun-hwang extending 80 li from east to west and 40 li from north to south, indicating its strategic importance.[14]

Plural form: Fortifications.