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Significance of Bhavana

Bhavana is a multifaceted term significant in various philosophical and spiritual traditions, primarily emphasizing meditative practices and mental cultivation. In Jainism, it relates to spiritual growth through reflections and internalization of teachings, whereas in Buddhism, it embodies mental development aimed at mindfulness and insight. Ayurveda employs Bhavana as a pharmaceutical process to enhance the potency of medicinal formulations. Overall, Bhavana underscores the importance of focused meditation and practice in achieving spiritual and therapeutic advancements.1
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Synonyms: Contemplation, Meditation, Reflection, Introspection

In Dutch: Bhavana; In German: Bhavana; In Finnish: Bhavana; In Spanish: Bhavana; In Swedish: Bhavana; In Malay: Bhavana; In French: Bhavana

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Bhavana'

Buddhism Books

Bhavana in Buddhism encompasses mental development and cultivation through meditation, focusing on practices like samatha and vipassana. It aims to enhance wholesome thoughts, awareness, and spiritual growth towards achieving enlightenment and liberation.

Significance in Theravada (major branch of Buddhism):
Theravada Books

From: Patipada (path of practice)

(1) Meditation practice aimed at mental development, as taught by Venerable Acharn to the young girl.[1] (2) A practice associated with meditation and mental development, where one sees various realities, such as heavens, hells, and one's own kamma and fortune.[2] (3) Mental development or cultivation, particularly in meditation practice.[3] (4) A meditative practice aimed at developing the mind through techniques that foster calmness and skillfulness.[4] (5) The practice of mental development in Buddhism, including meditation techniques aimed at cultivating wisdom and calmness.[5]

From: A Discourse on Paticcasamuppada

(1) Bhavana signifies the development of mental training that can lead to jhana, or deep concentration.[6] (2) The practice of mental cultivation that helps restrain the mind and develop wholesome thoughts and actions.[7] (3) Mental cultivation focused on developing mindfulness and insight, crucial for advancing on the path to Nibbana.[8] (4) The practice of mental development or meditation, specifically referencing vipassana practice as a good act leading to liberation.[9] (5) The Buddhist term for development or cultivation of the mind, particularly through meditation practices.[10]

From: Dhammapada (Illustrated)

(1) Mind training or meditation practice aimed at developing qualities such as loving-kindness and true wisdom.[11] (2) The practice or cultivation of meditation aimed at mental development and self-improvement.[12] (3) The process of mental culture and development that leads to good behavior and happiness, often associated with meditation.[13] (4) Meditation or mental development practices aimed at cultivating positive mental states or qualities.[14]

From: Cetasikas

(1) Bhavana means mental development or cultivation, particularly aiming at developing calm (samatha) and insight (vipassana) to facilitate the growth of kusala.[15] (2) Mental development, particularly through the cultivation of mindfulness and understanding of reality.[16] (3) Mental cultivation or development, typically through meditation and understanding the teachings.[17] (4) Mental development or cultivation, often associated with meditation practices.[18]

From: Abhidhamma in Daily Life (by Ashin Janakabhivamsa)

(1) Bh谩van谩 refers to the development or cultivation of the mind, specifically through practices that purify the mind.[19] (2) The practice of mental development or meditation aimed at cultivating mindfulness and insight for better rebirth.[20]

From: A Manual of Abhidhamma

(1) Meditation practice which is divided into two types: samatha (calm) and vipassana (insight).[21] (2) The mental development or cultivation leading to awareness and enlightenment.[22]

From: Abhidhamma in Daily Life

(1) Mental development, including practices like samatha, vipassana, and the study or teaching of Dhamma.[23]

From: Patthana Dhamma

(1) Mental cultivation or development, particularly associated with practices leading to jhana; it is essential for enhancing one's spiritual development.[24]

Theravada is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).

Significance in Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism):
Tibetan Buddhism Books

From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]

(1) Translates to 'Habit' and encompasses habitual behaviors and their impact on feelings and attachments.[25]

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayana) are collected indepently.

Significance in Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism):
Mahayana Books

From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

(1) The practice of mental cultivation in Buddhism, which helps in realizing the true nature of dharmas.[26]

Mahayana is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sutras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajnaparamita sutras.

Hindu concept of 'Bhavana'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, Bhavana encompasses various processes used in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurveda, involving the mixing, grinding, and treatment of ingredients with specific substances to enhance their medicinal properties and form individual experiences.

Significance in Rasashastra (chemistry and alchemy):
Rasashastra Books

From: Rasa Jala Nidhi, vol 4: Iatrochemistry

(1) The process applied to the mixture, which involves rubbing and mixing the ingredients.[27] (2) A process of subjecting the compound to treatment with decoctions for enhancement.[28] (3) A process in the preparation where the compound is subjected to a specific method of treatment to enhance its medicinal properties.[29] (4) A process in Ayurvedic medicine involving repeated mixing with specific juices or decoctions to enhance the medicinal properties.[30] (5) A process mentioned in which the mixture is treated with specific substances (biles) in succession.[31]

From: Rasa Jala Nidhi, vol 2: Minerals (uparasa)

(1) A process that involves the use of specific substances, including cowdung and cow's urine, to treat or solidify mercury.[32] (2) The process of subjecting shilajatu to specific treatments with decoctions or juices for strengthening.[33] (3) A method of layering or processing in Ayurveda which, when applied to essence of mica, helps it assume a black appearance signifying its readiness for use.[34] (4) A method involving rubbing Haritala with various juices multiple times to enhance its purification.[35] (5) A method used to treat the separated layers of mica with the juice of tanduliyaka and sour liquid.[36]

From: Rasa Jala Nidhi, vol 3: Metals, Gems and other substances

(1) A term indicating a process or practice involving meditative concentration or visualization, particularly in the context of spiritual or medicinal applications.[37] (2) A process that involves repeated application or treatment with specific substances to achieve desired effects on iron.[38] (3) A process of subjecting metals to a specific treatment multiple times, enhancing their purification.[39] (4) A process involving the application of specific substances repeatedly as part of the preparation or incineration of iron.[40] (5) A process of treatment involving the application of certain substances, such as blood of bugs, to diamonds.[41]

From: Rasa Jala Nidhi, vol 1: Initiation, Mercury and Laboratory

(1) A technique of rubbing and mixing ingredients repeatedly to improve their properties in the metal transformation processes.[42] (2) The process of adding or mixing substances with mercury to enhance its properties.[43] (3) A traditional alchemical procedure involving repeated applications of ingredients such as juices and flowers to empower mercury for transformation.[44] (4) A process that involves rubbing or treating a substance with another to enhance its properties.[45] (5) The process of subjecting a metal to treatment with juices from corresponding plant groups for color alteration.[46]

From: Rasa Jala Nidhi, vol 5: Treatment of various afflictions

(1) A process involving the mixing and treatment of ingredients with other substances for medicinal preparation.[47] (2) A traditional method of processing herbs or ingredients to enhance their therapeutic properties.[48]

Rasashastra is an important branch of Ayurveda, specialising in chemical interactions with herbs, metals and minerals. Some texts combine yogic and tantric practices with various alchemical operations. The ultimate goal of Rasashastra is not only to preserve and prolong life, but also to bestow wealth upon humankind.

Significance in Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar):
Vyakarana Books

From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari

(1) The concept of 'bringing about', related to the root of a verb expressing action.[49] (2) The process of giving form to consciousness, illustrating how experiences shape understanding.[50] (3) The tendency to act according to the nature of the different classes of beings, which can be inherited or arise in this life.[51] (4) A term relating to the notion of development or a process in association with action expressed through suffixes.[52]

Vyakarana refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Laghu-yoga-vasistha

(1) Mental formations or thoughts that create individual experiences in the world.[53] (2) The process of thought formation or mental contemplation that can lead to attachments or liberation depending on its nature.[54]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika

(1) A form of meditation intended to cultivate awareness, noted as unnecessary for realizing Brahman.[55]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Significance in Vastushastra (architecture):
Vastushastra Books

From: Vastu-shastra (Introduction to Indian architecture)

(1) A term describing a grand mansion and its architectural features, referenced in the context of building types.[56]

Vastushastra refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

Significance in Pancaratra (worship of N膩r膩ya峁嘺):
Pancaratra Books

From: Parama Samhita (English translation)

(1) A house set aside for worship, where divine grace is believed to extend only to the family conducting the worship.[57]

Pancaratra represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Bhajana-Rahasya

(1) The mood or sentiment cultivated during devotional practices that lead to deeper engagement and connection with the divine.[58]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Jain concept of 'Bhavana'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, Bhavana encompasses meditative practices and reflections essential for spiritual growth, internalizing teachings, and supporting religious exercises, along with referring to heavenly realms and the abodes of the Bhavanavasi devas.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti)

(1) The first type of heaven mentioned where souls can be lodged.[59] (2) Refers to realms or divisions where different Indras, along with their respective bodyguard gods, reside; includes a total of 6,000 for other Indras.[60] (3) The term used for the abodes of the Bhavanavasi devas, indicating the spaces they occupy.[61]

From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra

(1) (啶ぞ啶掂え啶�, bhavana), refers to supporting clause to mahavratas.[62] (2) Meditations focused on various aspects of existence and understanding, crucial for spiritual development.[63]

From: Uttaradhyayana Sutra

(1) Religious exercises or meditative practices that lead to specific kinds of spiritual development or deterioration.[64] (2) A term that likely refers to the meditative practices or reflections that lead to spiritual growth and understanding.[65]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

Plural form: Bhavanas.